Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the properties of polyethylene geomembranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMs) are frequently used as fluid barrier components of cover systems for mine site reclamation in regions that are prone to freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs). However, HDPE GMs are more susceptible to stress cracking than linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) GMs. Hence, LLDPE GMs are increasingly considered as alternatives to HDPE GMs in cover systems. Nevertheless, little information is available on LLDPE compared to HDPE GMs. Moreover, little is known about the changes in the fluid barrier properties (the equivalent hydraulic conductivity and the oxygen sorption and diffusion coefficients) for these two materials with FTCs. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the effects of FTCs on the tensile, hydraulic, and oxygen sorption and diffusion properties of HDPE and LLDPE GMs. To do so, GM sheets were subjected up to 300 FTCs. Mechanically, both GMs got stiffer and their tensile break properties increased with increasing number of FTCs. However, although the GM fluid barrier properties changed with FTCs, the equivalent hydraulic conductivity and the oxygen permeation coefficient remained within an order of magnitude of 10 −14 m/s and 10 −13 m 2 /s, respectively. Up to 300 FTCs would therefore have no adverse effects on HDPE and LLDPE GMs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".