Genetic structure and genome-wide association study of a genomic panel of two-row, spring barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) with differential reaction to Fusarium head blight (<i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Schwabe) and deoxynivalenol production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is the most devastating disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Canada. Contaminated grains are unsuitable for use as livestock feed or by the malting industry, primarily due to contamination by mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Reducing DON content has been a long-term goal of barley breeders; however, the complex genetics of resistance and laborious testing required have made it difficult to develop resistant cultivars. An Illumina 50 K SNP beadchip was used to genotype a diverse collection (n = 400) of two-row barley genotypes, selected primarily from North American-breeding programs. This genomic panel was phenotyped in three environments in Manitoba, Canada, over two growing seasons. Genotypes were evaluated for heading date, height, FHB score, and DON content. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using a mixed linear model (MLM: Q + K) accounting for population structure (Q) and kinship (K) as covariates. This study characterized the population structure of two-row barley germplasm important to North American-breeding programs. Significant marker-trait associations were identified on all chromosomes for FHB, and on all chromosomesexcept 1 H and 6 H for DON content. Individual marker effects were small, explaining only up to 5% of the phenotypic variation. Genes within genomic regions that were associated with FHB-related traits displayed multiple functions linked with disease resistance. While numerous minor, marker-trait associations were identified, phenotypic evaluations are still the best predictors of these traits, despite their time-consuming nature and dependenceon environmental conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".