Impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms on limbic structures in age-related cognitive decline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are known to increase the risk of cognitive decline in aging. Several studies have investigated the brain substrates of these symptoms, reporting a broad involvement of the limbic regions. Participants Using the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, we investigated 223 participants with normal cognition, 367 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 175 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Measurements Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and MRIs were processed with FreeSurfer. We used a general linear model (FreeSurfer) and multivariate analysis of covariance (IBM SPSS software) to establish the associations between the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and morphometry in cortical and subcortical structures in each clinical group. Results The results outlined significant associations between cortical and subcortical structures and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In cognitively normal participants, only a positive association between nighttime behaviors and bilateral caudate nuclei volumes was found. In patients with MCI, agitation, depression, apathy and nighttime behaviors were respectively negatively associated with (i) left precentral and inferior frontal and inferior parietal volumes; (ii) left fusiform volume and area; (iii) right precentral thickness, left frontopolar area and bilateral ventral diencephalon volumes; (iv) right lingual thickness, whereas depression and nighttime behaviors were also respectively positively associated with right ventral diencephalon volume; and left temporal volume and area. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, broader association were outlined between NPS severity and cortical structures notably agitation, apathy, irritability and nighttime behaviors outlined respectively positive associations with : (i) volumes in the right temporal regions and with surface area in the frontal region; (ii) the cortical thickness of the right pericalcarine region; (iii) volumes in the frontal, temporal and parietal regions; (iv) volume of the right cuneus region; whereas depression and apathy were also respectively negatively associated with the cortical thickness of the left parietal superior region; and cortical volume and area of the parietal regions. Conclusions These results showed that NPS have broad association patterns with associative brain structures and few associations with limbic structures. These associations were also dependent on the clinical stage of cognitive impairment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".