Ultrasonic propagation in high‐concentration <scp> TiO <sub>2</sub> </scp> slurries for photocatalytic reactors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work reports measurements of the speed of sound and ultrasonic attenuation in high concentration (up to 3 g · L −1 ) aqueous TiO 2 slurries close to neutral pH. Measurements were made at frequencies of 1675, 5545, and 9340 kHz using ultrasonic transducers submerged in the slurry. The experimental setup may be applied to slurries in practical reactors while in operation. Within an experimental uncertainty of ±0.5 m · s −1 , the speed of sound in the slurry was the same as in pure water, at all the studied catalyst concentrations and frequencies. The excess ultrasonic attenuation with respect to pure water increases linearly with the catalyst concentration and is inversely proportional to the square of the excitation frequency. This indicates that viscous and thermal acoustic losses predominate over scattering. For TiO 2 concentrations in the range of 0.15–3 g · L −1 , the catalyst concentration in the slurry may be estimated as a linear function of the excess ultrasonic attenuation, with an uncertainty of 0.1 g · L −1 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".