On‐Chip Metamaterial Antenna Array with Distributed Bragg Deflector for Generation of Collimated Steerable Beams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The generation of collimated steerable beams of light is a fundamental function in optics needed in many applications, including free‐space optical communications, remote sensing, and light detection and ranging. Implementing large‐aperture light emitters directly on a photonic integrated chip without using external optics and expensive alignment systems is an outstanding challenge in integrated photonics. Here, the experimental demonstration of a new integrated antenna array architecture that uses a compact feeding circuit is reported. The design is based on an apodized Bragg deflector working as a low‐loss (<0.3 dB) ultra‐compact beam expander, which generates a 40‐µm‐wide on‐chip Gaussian beam that illuminates a one‐dimensional array of 112 optical antennas with a length of 1.5 mm. Each antenna comprises a metamaterial subwavelength grating waveguide core that is laterally loaded with an array of periodic radiative silicon segments. The device is fabricated on a 220‐nm silicon‐on‐insulator platform using a single etch process with a minimum feature size of 80 nm. An antenna array with a power gain of 50 dB, a radiation efficiency of −3.8 dB, and a far‐field angular divergence of 1.8° × 0.2°, in a wavelength range of 1500–1580 nm is presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".