Electrified ammonia production as a commodity and energy storage medium to connect the food, energy, and trade sectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ammonia, a versatile chemical that is distributed and traded widely, can be used as an energy storage medium. We carried out detailed analyses on the potential economic risks and benefits of using power-to-ammonia in three use pathways in the food, energy, and trade sectors, i.e., local sales, energy storage, and export under different levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) scenarios. The base-case LCOA is lower than the market price, making local sales and export pathways profitable, and yet the energy storage pathway is at a loss unless ammonia-to-power efficiency is significantly improved. Four different combined use scenarios were also studied. Results show that under the base case LCOA and market assumptions, the combined use pathway leads to a loss of US$30 million. But a combined use pathway can become more profitable when there are higher predicted ammonia prices, larger export demand for low-carbon ammonia, and technology development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".