First report on the toxicity of copper and zinc on the Afrotropical whirligig beetle, Orectogyrus alluaudi (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae): Effect on survival and oxidative stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Freshwater whirligig beetles are important macroinvertebrates that help maintain freshwater quality by removing dead insects from the surfaces of lakes, ponds, or streams. In this study, we investigated the response of the whirligig beetle, Orectogyrus alluaudi to copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) by assessing their survival and biochemical responses after 7 days of the whirligig beetle exposure to the metals. Copper significantly reduced the survival of the beetles with LC50 (median lethal concentration) of 223–100 mg L− 1 at 24 to 168 hours of exposure. However, the LC50 of Zn was only significant at 72 h (482 mg L− 1) to 168 h (150 mg L− 1). Copper, at the lowest exposure concentration of 15 mg L− 1, induced oxidative stress on the beetles by significantly increasing the level of malondialdehyde [MDA], a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. There was also significant glutathione [GSH] reduction at the low Cu concentration. However, Zn had no significant effect on the oxidative stress response of the beetles. This study showed that O. alluaudi is less sensitive to copper and zinc via dermal exposure routes than other aquatic invertebrates. Therefore, an alternative way of exposure via the ingestion of contaminated food might be an important exposure pathway to assess the toxicity of metals on the beetles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".