Passivity Breakdown of Copper in Borate Buffer Solutions Containing Cl−, SO42−, and NO3−
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of Cl−, , and on the corrosion of copper in slightly alkaline, deaerated borate buffer solutions (BBS) were analyzed by potentiodynamic polarization, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscope. Results showed that all three ions significantly affected the corrosion of copper in BBS, leading to a decrease in the breakdown potential for copper, thereby promoting passivity breakdown. The adsorption of Cl−, , and on the copper oxide film surface was detected, forming corrosion products, atacamite, brochantite, and gerhardtite, respectively. The passivity breakdown occurred at a lower potential for -containing solutions than for those with the other ions. The most severe corrosion morphology was obtained in -containing solutions, and large-scale pits with deep depths were distributed on the copper surface after passivity breakdown. In comparison, small pits and laterally growing pits and/or local rupture of the passive film occurred on the copper surface in the solution containing Cl− or after passivity breakdown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".