Hydromagnesite Precipitation Kinetics in a Mixed-Suspension-Mixed-Product Removal Crystallizer of the MgO–CO<sub>2</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O System Issued from Activated Serpentine Carbonation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The precipitation kinetics of hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4·(OH)2·4(H2O)) in a MgO–CO2–H2O medium issued from a carbonation solution has been studied in a continuous mode via a mixed-suspension-mixed-product removal crystallizer. The carbonation solution is a result of the carbonation procedure of serpentine mining wastes and CO2 gas flux. The main precipitation temperature for the study was 80.0 °C. For comparative purposes, 82.5, 85.0, and 90.0 °C were also studied. Relative supersaturation was calculated via the Davies model using PHREEQC software. Kinetics parameters of linear and volumetric growth rate, nucleation rate, and the agglomeration kernel were determined for each temperature. Both the linear and volumetric growth orders were estimated to be, respectively, 0.92 and 0.91 via the correlation of empirical equations, indicating limited transport growth. The growth rate increases with temperature and supersaturation. The nucleation rate increases with the volumetric growth rate. The magma density of the solution is found to have a negative impact on the grain size if the residence time exceeds 2700 s. The mean grain size of this study is at least 1.5 times larger than those previously reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".