Modelling <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>-<i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i> co-infection and pathogenic effect on Chagas disease spread
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p style='text-indent:20px;'>A mathematical model is developed to investigate the impact of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> and <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i> co-infection and <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i>-induced pathogenicity of triatomine bugs on the spread of Chagas disease. Due to the presence of two parasites, basic reproduction numbers of one parasite in the absence of the other parasite (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{10} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{20} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) and invasion reproduction numbers of one parasite invading the other parasite (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{12} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{21} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>) are derived to determine the dynamics of the co-infection system. With a simple case of two parasites' independent transmission, we have found that both parasites go extinct if both <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{i0}&lt;1\,(i=1,2) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, thus no Chagas disease spread. Nevertheless, the condition of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{i0}&gt;1\,(i=1,2) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is not sufficient to cause Chagas disease persistence, the invasion reproduction number of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> invading <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i> transmission <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{12} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> plays an important role. Specifically, Chagas disease could go extinct if <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{12}&lt;1 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, and uniformly persistent if <inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{R}_{12}&gt;1 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. Moreover, due to pathogenicity, oscillation pattern of Chagas disease is observed, which is different from other mechanisms such as maturation delay, seasonality and regular spraying with insecticides for vector control. In conclusion, we have found that the presence of <i>Trypanosoma rangeli</i> infection leads to the risk reduction of Chagas disease infection. Our findings are beneficial to the prevention and control of Chagas disease.</p>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it