Microhabitat selection by overwintering alder bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on red alder (Betulaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The alder bark beetle, Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte), is known to overwinter as larvae and adults in the main stems of red alder, Alnus rubra (Bongard). Observations of adult alder bark beetles in the branch and bud nodes of planted saplings during the winter led to the hypothesis that these microhabitats represent alternative overwintering sites for the beetle in mature trees. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed crown branches at three coastal British Columbia locations, sampling three trees in 2003 and 2004 and three additional trees (nine branches per tree) in 2018–2019. Adult beetles were found overwintering inside sites excavated in the branch and bud nodes throughout the crowns of mature trees. Branch type, defined by growth class, and tree affected the overall distribution and likelihood of overwintering site occupancy among the three trees sampled intensively in 2018–2019, whereas overwintering site age (old versus new (current year)) affected the frequency of site occupancy across all six trees. We suggest that overwintering in tree crowns evolved from late-summer maturation feeding in new shoots and that the majority of beetles abandon terminal shoots as temperatures fall, moving deeper into the crown to overwinter preferentially in older branch tissues that offer greater thermal protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".