False Data Injection Attack Detection Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Random Forest in Smart Grid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As one of the critical infrastructures, the safety and reliability of the smart grid are directly associated with the development and stability of society. However, studies have shown that the power grid is at risk when the parameters are manipulated and cyber-attacks are generated against the state estimation, i.e., under false data injection attack (FDIA). Currently, a rich body of literature has studied on the FDIA defense methods, but most of them focus on the direct current (DC) scenario. This paper proposes a novel detection model that combines the wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) technique with the random forest (RF) algorithm. The WPD is able to capture the deviation of parameters from the normal conditions, whereas the RF is developed to classify these features and effectively identify the malicious data. The proposed model is also evaluated using real-world data on IEEE 118-bus power system. The results demonstrate excellent performance on precision rate and recall rate under varying scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".