Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapter 1 of <italic>The Overseas Trade of British America</italic> follows the transformation of Tudor England from an inconsequential late-medieval European kingdom into an early modern maritime power with well-established trading interests along an arc stretching from Russia to Morocco. Change was accelerated by demand abroad for English wool, the widespread enclosure of arable land for grazing sheep, rapid population growth, the English Reformation, and the impact of European–wide inflation on the stability of English life. Fishermen from England’s West Country ports began appearing on the coast of Newfoundland, jostling with the Basque, Spanish, Portuguese, and French competition for a share of the Atlantic cod teeming in those waters. Participation in the Grand Banks fishery contributed to the growth of English maritime capacity. Meanwhile, English seafarers entered the Spanish Caribbean — sometimes as privateers (licensed private ships of war), sometimes as pirates (seaborne thieves). They came to raid, not settle, and challenged Spain’s claims to New World hegemony. Then in 1584, a prescient English geographer, Richard Hakluyt, presented Queen Elizabeth I with a vision of American settlement and commerce that would connect England to the far side of the Great Western Ocean.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".