Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapter 2 of <italic>The Overseas Trade of British America</italic> depicts the birth pangs of long-distance trade in each of four regions where England struggled to gain a foothold in the New World: Newfoundland, the Chesapeake, the English Caribbees, and New England. Although England’s Newfoundland cod fishery was gaining strength, it was beset by international rivalry and political insecurity at home. Problems elsewhere were even more severe. Investors in the Virginia Company of London poured vast sums into the Jamestown project in the Chesapeake, the first permanent English colony in North America, but with little results. In the English Caribbees, the first settlers on Barbados, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat likewise struggled to establish a foothold. And the export economy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was undermined by reverse migration and the chaos of the English Civil War. Before the cultivation of tobacco in the Chesapeake, sugar in the English Caribbees, and the opening of the Atlantic islands of Spain and Portugal to Massachusetts cod, each of these American bridgeheads teetered on the edge of extinction. The Dutch, who introduced the labor of enslaved Africans to English America, opened European markets to American tobacco and sugar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".