Bibliographic record
Abstract
Music hall’s emergence in mid-nineteenth century Scotland brought enormous change in urban entertainments, as older pre-industrial traditions faced an influx of new cosmopolitan styles. This chapter explores how Burns was performed in the new urban contexts of Scottish music hall and its successor, variety theatre. These contexts included 1860s free-and-easies and singing saloons where Burns songs and recitations offered both continuity with older Scottish song traditions and subjects for parodies and satirical updating; his championing by Scotch comics and concert singers of the 1880s, like James Houston and WF Frame, who maintained working-class engagement with Burns through performances at temperance and trades union soirees; popular concerts, rural tours, illustrated lantern shows and comic sketches; Burns tribute songs; Burns songs in Rob Roy; and the promotion, from the 1890s, of Burns’s diasporic appeal by Scottish comedians performing to Canadian and US expatriate audiences. The chapter argues that, while music hall played a significant part in mediating and shaping the changing place of Burns in popular culture, by Scottish variety’s twentieth-century heyday Burns was elided into a constructed ‘national’ performance, predicated on tartan, Highland music and dance where, paradoxically, the lowland Burns emerged as the central bardic voice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".