14. Lessons from settler colonies and the restitution of Nazi-Looted art
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Towards a Ne w E thic s A t three major moments in the history of art robbery, Western and Southern Europe have had the leading roles.The first was in Europe's colonial territories, in the so-called 'distant' or 'imperial' colonies, that is, far-off territories in Latin America, Asia and Africa.This was the subject of the previous chapters.The second was in settler colonies in South Africa, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.Settlers were Europeans who had left their continent for good and cut administrative ties with their mother country.They conquered territories, enslaved the peoples who had lived there since time immemorial and confiscated fertile and mineral-rich lands.As in the distant colonies, the newcomers in settler colonies appropriated cultural artefacts and ancestral remains on a large scale.Most are still in museums and private collections in North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, but museums and private owners in Europe also possess many of them.The third moment took place under the Nazi regime.You come across stories about it, for example, from the descendants of art dealer Jacques Goudstikker and collectors such as Franz Wilhelm Koenigs, Baron Mór Lipót Herzog or Maria Altmann, who all reclaimed looted works of art.Sometimes, this moment comes even closer to home, as it does in the story of a Jewish family who lived in my street.In the Second World War, the father and a son perished in Auschwitz.The mother and three other children survived.Their next of kin have been trying to get compensation for all the valuables that disappeared from their house.For a long time, the three moments were viewed as separate events.Nowadays, they are more often linked.What they have in common is
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".