5V Solid-State Lithium Batteries Using Garnet-Based Electrolytes and LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinel Cathode Composite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is an ever increasing demand to increase the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of Lithium batteries as well as enhancing their safety cycle life and lower safety. Solid-State batteries (SSB) enjoy a great attention nowadays due to their potential to meet all those requirements and power the EV revolution. The use of solid electrolytes (SE) in commercial batteries has been solely limited to polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, coupled with LiFePO4 (LFP) that are limited by the oxidative stability of PEO to < 3.6 V and the low potential of LFP at 3.4 V. The commercial cells are cycled at high temperature (45 ⁰C) to overcome the modest ambient ionic conductivity of the SE and under a stack pressure and a cathode composite to overcome the high interfacial resistances of the solid-solid interfaces. A cathode composite is made of conventional cathode components with a "catholyte" added to the formulation. The catholyte is made of an optimized amount of an ionic conductor that is mostly derived from the solid electrolyte formulation. Very recent studies by our research group (1) and others (2) have shown that higher voltage cells can be made by using garnet or perovskite-based ceramic/polymer composites and LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) or LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) layered cathodes reaching 4.2 V and can operate for few cycles. Herein, we extend the work in order to further increase the voltage of the SSB cells by using LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel cathode with its high potential of 4.7 V. The Tantalum-doped Lithium Lanthanum Zirconate, Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (Ta-doped LLZO, LLZTO), of the garnet family of solid electrolytes has been selected as a SE due to their high ambient ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window and good chemical stability against Li metal. PEO and other compatible polymers have been used to formulate composite SEs in thin films and their properties were studied and compared with LLZTO pellets. Cells have been made using composite cathode formulations composed of LNMO cathode as an active material, carbon black, conventional and novel binders and a SE-based and proprietary catholyte coupled with the SE films or pellets and thick/thin Li films. The short-term cycling performance of the cells assembled with selected SEs and composite cathodes along with other electrochemical results will be presented. References: (1) Hilal Al-Salih, Allan Huang, Chae-Ho Yim, Annica I. Freytag, Gillian R. Goward, Elena Baranova and Yaser Abu-Lebdeh, 2020, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 070557. (2) P. López-Aranguren, X. Judez, M. Chakir, M. Armand and L. Buannic, 2020, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 020548.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".