ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors induce differential conformational changes at the autoinhibitory interface of Akt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The protein kinase Akt is a master regulator of pro-growth signalling in the cell. Akt is activated through its targeted recruitment to phosphoinositides, leading to disruption of the autoinhibitory interface between the kinase and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Hyper activation of Akt is common in oncogenic transformation, with multiple oncogenic activating mutants identified in Akt. This has led to the development of potent and selective ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors for Akt. Paradoxically, some ATP-competitive Akt inhibitors cause hyperphosphorylation of Akt. Here, using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we interrogated the conformational changes upon binding to the Akt active site inhibitor A-443654, and the Akt allosteric inhibitor MK-2206. We compared the conformational changes that occurred for each inhibitor under three different states of Akt: i- inactive monophosphorylated, ii- partially active tris-phosphorylated [T308, T450, S473], and iii- fully activated, tris-phosphorylated bound to PIP 3 membranes. The allosteric MK-2206 inhibitor results in large scale allosteric conformational changes in all states, and restricts membrane binding through sequestration of the PH domain. Binding of the A-443654 inhibitor led to large scale allosteric conformational changes in both the monophosphorylated and phosphorylated states, leading to an alteration in the autoinhibitory PH-kinase interface. We also observed increased protection in the PH domain upon membrane binding in the presence of A-443654, suggesting that the PH domain is more accessible for membrane binding. This work provides unique insight into the autoinhibitory conformation of the PH and kinase domain and dynamic conformational changes induced by Akt inhibitors, and has important implications for the design of Akt targeted therapeutics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".