Efficacy of Insecticides Applied to Soybean Seeds for Controlling Lepidoptera Caterpillars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of high-quality seeds is essential for the crop to express its full potential. The application of seed treatment constitutes a widely spread operation, every year new products are discovered and used for seed treatment, which can provide a protective effect against pests that attack the seeds, as well as physiological effects to favor the growth and initial development of plants, however, little is known about the influence of insecticides on seed germination and the emergence of soybean seedlings. The experiment was carried out in the Seed Quality Analysis Laboratory and in the experimental field of the Agrarian Sciences Faculty of the National University of Asunción-Paraguay. The objective consisted of evaluating the efficacy of chemical insecticides applied to soybean seeds to control lepidopteran caterpillars during the implantation of the crop, and the effect on the germination of seeds in the laboratory and the emergence in the field. Commercial soybean seeds were used and the treatments were the following (in cc of c.p./100 kg seeds): control (without treatment), thiamethoxam (200), cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam (200), thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (200), imidacloprid (400), imidacloprid + thiodicarb (500) and fipronil (200). The variables evaluated were: germination under laboratory conditions, number of larvae presented at 14, 21 and 28 days after emergence, seedling emergence and efficacy of chemical products in the field. The design used in the field was complete block to the random and in laboratory fully randomized, with seven treatments and 4 replications with a total of 28 experimental units for both trials. The data obtained were compared through the analysis of variance using the statistical software SASM-Agri and those variables that presented significant statistical differences between the means of the treatments were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, while efficacy was determined by the Abbot formula. The data show that the chemical insecticides did not affect the germination of seeds in the doses tested. The highest percentages of emergence in the field were obtained with the insecticides thiamethoxam, cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and imidacloprid + thiodicarb. At 28 day after seedling emergence the active ingredients cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam and imidacloprid + thiodicarb achieved the greatest reduction in the lepidoptera population. Seed treatment with the active ingredients used in this study is an effective practice for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera cosmioides and Agrotis ipsilon caterpillars during the initial stage of soybean cultivation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".