Morphology of Dome- and Tepee-Like Landforms Generated by Expansive Hydration of Weathering Anhydrite: A Case Study at Dingwall, Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The gypsum-anhydrite rocks in the abandoned quarry at Dingwall (Nova Scotia, Canada) are subjected to physical and chemical weathering, including hydration of the anhydrite, i.e., its transformation into secondary gypsum under the influence of water. This process is known to lead to the localized volume increase of the rock and the formation of spectacular hydration landforms: domes, tepees and ridges. Cavities appearing in the interior of these domes are often unique hydration caves (Quellungshöhlen in German). For the first time, this paper gives detailed geomorphometric characteristics of the 77 dome- and tepee-like hydration landforms growing today at Dingwall based on their digital surface models and orthophotomaps, made with the method of photogrammetry integrated with direct measurements. The length of hydration landforms varies from 1.86 to 23.05 m and the relative height varies from 0.33 to 2.09 m. Their approximate shape in a plan view varies from nearly circular, through oval, to elongated with a length-to-width ratio rarely exceeding 5:2. Length, width and relative height are characterized by moderate mutual correlation with proportional relations expressed by linear equations, testifying that the hydration landforms generally preserve the same or very similar shape independent of their sizes. The averaged thickness of the detached rock layer ranges from 6 to 46 cm. The size of the forms seems to depend on this thickness—the forms larger in extent (longer) generally have a thicker detached rock layer. Master (and other) joints and, to a lesser extent, layering in the bedrock influence the development of hydration landforms, particularly by controlling the place where the entrances are open to internal cavities or caves. Three structural types of the bedrock influencing the growth of hydration forms were recognized: with master joints, with layering and with both of them. The latter type of bedrock has the most complex impact on the morphology of hydration landforms because it depends on the number of master joint sets and the mutual orientation of joints and layering, which are changeable across the quarry. The durability of the hydration forms over time depends, among others, on the density of fractures in the detached rock layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".