Self-employment and Motherhood: Labor Market Outcomes of Self-employment in Early Childhood Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-employment is a career choice that may offer the flexibility to take care of children whilst remaining active on the labor market, and can therefore be seen by mothers as an alternative to wage employment during early childhood years. Using data from the German Socio-Economic household panel (SOEP) between 1995 and 2018, we investigate the success of this strategy, by studying wage earnings and the labor force status of mothers seven years after childbirth, once the child reaches school age. Taking account of self-selection into self-employment, we find that the consequences of self-employment experience in the early years after childbirth are no different from being inactive in terms of hourly wage for mothers who return to wage employment, while each additional month of wage employment after childbirth increases this wage by 0.4%. However, each additional month of self-employment experience does increase the odds of being active in the labor market by 22%, compared to inactivity. Analogously, for each additional month of wage employment, the odds of being employed increase by 6%. Self-employment in the early years after child birth thereby seems to keep mothers attached to the labor market to a greater degree than does wage-employment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".