Bibliographic record
Abstract
Overview This chapter focuses on religion and health in Ethiopia. The two basic questions motivating this study are answered to some degree through the research of this chapter: “What is the role of religion in the Social Determinants of Health?”; and “How is it connected to outcomes?” Prior to moving into details of this case, it is helpful to provide an overview of what will be discovered along the way. Ethiopia is an ancient and significantly rural state. It did not experience colonization and remains quite poor—a sustained trait, with health care being an ongoing challenge. Over the last several decades, attention naturally concentrated on HIV/AIDS. State-created local organizations that focus on health care have existed for some time. However, they are limited in their reach and effectiveness. Faith-Inspired Institutions add significantly to health care for Ethiopians, who tend to be religious. Modern medicine exists alongside holy water, traditional birth attendants, and other aspects of non-Western treatment. The Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Associations is an umbrella organization that coordinates various faith-based efforts to provide health care. Its role is constructive as a rallying point for health care provided via civil society in Uganda. Women's health, however, stands out as a problem area, as revealed through a review of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Ethiopian context. Ethiopia lags behind other states and religious beliefs and even institutions sometimes play a negative role. In an overall sense, religion plays an essential role in the provision and consumption of health for Ethiopia and the story is thus, for the most part, a positive one. While it stands out as a low-income, developing country, Ethiopia is also an ancient and independent state. Ethiopia is a poor country even by African standards. According to United Nations (UN) data, in 2010 (the most recent year for which information is available), 36.8% of the population lived on less than USD1.25 per day (calculated in terms of purchasing power parity). Economic and political reforms have contributed to a significant drop in this figure, even though the same period saw a major increase in the country's overall population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.415 | 0.168 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".