Null hypothesis significance testing interpreted and calibrated by estimating probabilities of sign errors: A Bayes-frequentist continuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concepts from multiple testing can improve tests of single hypotheses. The proposed definition of the calibrated p value is an estimate of the local false sign rate, the posterior probability that the direction of the estimated effect is incorrect. Interpreting one-sided p values as estimates of conditional posterior probabilities, that calibrated p value is (1 - LFDR) p/2 + LFDR, where p is a two-sided p value and LFDR is an estimate of the local false discovery rate, the posterior probability that a point null hypothesis is true given p. A simple option for LFDR is the posterior probability derived from estimating the Bayes factor to be its e p ln(1/p) lower bound. The calibration provides a continuum between significance testing and traditional Bayesian testing. The former effectively assumes the prior probability of the null hypothesis is 0, as some statisticians argue is the case. Then the calibrated p value is equal to p/2, a one-sided p value, since LFDR = 0. In traditional Bayesian testing, the prior probability of the null hypothesis is at least 50%, which usually results in LFDR >> p. At that end of the continuum, the calibrated p value is close to LFDR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.179 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".