Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The problem of anthropomorphism has been an important source of the conflict between traditionalism and rationalism in Islamic theology. Theologians have had to reconcile the anthropomorphic expressions about God in the Koran and hadiths with their conceptions of His unity ( tawḥīd ) and transcendence ( tanzīh ). The Māturīdite theologian Abū l-Yusr al-Bazdawī devoted several chapters of his Uṣūl al-dīn to dealing with the problem. He lays the mainly rational grounds for God’s incomparability and incorporeality before turning to the anthropomorphic expressions, some of which he interprets symbolically, and others simply accepts. He also refutes the later Karrāmite idea that God is “elevated,” which creates ambivalence in his position towards the Prophet’s Ascension. His negotiation between the traditionalist and rationalist approaches to the topic highlights the impact of his intellectual environment on his thought as well as the rise of Māturīdite theology in Transoxania.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".