Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The change of any norm is difficult especially if it is a social norm deeply rooted in the traditions and practises of a whole community.It is the case of female genital mutilation (FGM), a social norm and harmful practice where women are not only victims, but they are also the perpetrators.However, some women have changed their attitude towards the practice.This study seeks to explore how the change occurs.Thus, it investigates significant events in the trajectories of the migrant women in relation to their change of attitude.Methods: Fifteen women with FGM living in Belgium were recruited through gatekeepers and snowball procedure.They were met twice for individual interview using biographical narrative interview method.Congruently with this interview method, we did not have a structured interview guide.The analysis drew on a life story approach and lifeline constructions to identify significant and common turning points (TP) by which the change occurs.Results: Six important TP were identified as factors of awareness leading to a change of attitude and in relation to a challenge of related norms: change in the perception of pain; sense of responsibility to protect daughters; confrontation with the anatomy of an intact female external genitalia; awareness through the confrontation with other women's cultures; awareness that they are not defined exclusively by FGM.The change in the representation of pain during sexual intercourse, for example, was considered normal in the home country but was no longer perceived as normal in Belgium by most research participants.This TP challenged the norm 'women must endure pain and suffering'.Conclusions: Professionals working with women who have undergone FGM may use the TP to give awareness in order for other women to take action and change their attitude towards the practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".