Phosphate Amendments for the Inhibition of Acid Mine Drainage Generated from Sidi Kamber Tailings Facility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aims of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphates product and by-products from the Djebel Onk mine for the control of acidic mine drainage generated by exposure of Sidi Kamber mine tailings to climatic conditions. Kinetic tests in humidity cells were carried out according to the modified ASTM standard, was used to invistigate the geochemical behaviour of the Sidi Kamber tailings mixed with phosphate materials (phosphatic limestone wastes, raw low grade phosphate ore and phosphate mine tailings) after being characterized. All amendment compositions led to an increase of the pH of the leachate from approximately 3 to circum-neutral values. Humidity cells experiments indicated that the materials were adequate to immobilize Pb, Zn, Cu and Fe by about 99% and prevent their release through the tailings. The tests have also shown that the metals concentrations within the leachate are lower than the limits allowed by Algerian legislation for industrial liquid effluents. Among the tested material amendments, PLW was more effective than other products in immobilizing metals. The results are most probably related to their Ca-carbonate content and/or adsorption capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".