The correlation between enlarged perivascular spaces and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and vascular parkinsonism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The widespread use of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revealed the correlation between enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) and cognitive impairment (CI). However, few studies have examined the correlation between MRI-visible EPVS and CI in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and vascular parkinsonism (VaP). This study explored how the number and main location of EPVS in PD and VaP are correlated with the occurrence of CI in these diseases to provide radiology markers and other evidence for early clinical diagnosis in a Chinese cohort. METHODS: Clinical data were prospectively collected from 77 patients: 26 patients clinically diagnosed with PD or probable PD, 19 patients clinically diagnosed with VaP, and 32 control subjects with normal cognitive function and no stroke or parkinsonism. The patients with PD and VaP were divided into a CI group and a no CI (NCI) group according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing version (MoCA-BJ). The relevant clinical data were statistically analysed. RESULTS: The centrum semiovale (CSO)-EPVS, lacunes, Fazekas scores, global cortical atrophy scale (GCA) scores, Koedam posterior atrophy visual scale (KS) scores, and medial temporal atrophy (MTA) scores were higher in the PD-CI and VaP-CI groups than in the control group (adjusted P < 0.017). The number of basal ganglia (BG)-EPVS in the VaP group was higher than that in the PD and control groups (adjusted P < 0.017). BG-EPVS, Fazekas scores, GCA scores, KS scores, and MTA scores were higher in the VaP-CI group than in the PD-CI group (adjusted P < 0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the differences in BG-EPVS and Fazekas scores were not significant between PD-CI and VaP-CI patients (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: VaP-CI results from multiple factors and is significantly associated with BG-EPVS, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities and brain atrophy. BG-EPVS can be used as an imaging marker to distinguish VaP-CI from PD-CI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".