Necrosis reduction efficacy of subdermal biomaterial mediated oxygen delivery in ischemic skin flaps
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Inadequate tissue blood supply (e.g., in a wound or a poorly vascularised graft) can result in tissue ischemia and necrosis. As revascularization is a slow process relative to the proliferation of bacteria and the onset and spread of tissue necrosis, extensive tissue damage and loss can occur. Necrosis can spread rapidly, and treatment options are limited such that loss of tissue in ischemic tissue following necrosis onset is considered unavoidable and irreversible. Oxygen delivery from biomaterials exploiting aqueous decomposition of peroxy-compounds has shown some potential in overcoming the supply limitations caused by quite short oxygen diffusion distances in tissues by creating higher concentration gradients than can be attained by air saturated solutions or by distributing oxygen supply throughout a scaffold or construct by using particulate formulations. These have found application in tissue preservation, bioinks, creation of 3D tissue analogues etc. In preclinical models among the more exciting reports was a single study demonstrating reduction of ischemic skin necrosis albeit only short term using short term sub dermal delivery of oxygen below ischemic skin flaps. To explore this effect further, we developed an implantable solid peroxide-biomaterial based system with reduced hydrogen peroxide release by virtue of incorporation of minerals to catalytically decompose it in a much longer flap than examined previously. Blood flow in this flap reduced from essentially normal to essentially zero, along its 9cm length. Without treatment ∼50% of the total flap was necrotic in 2-4 days. In both groups, complete necrosis in the distal third of the flap with no observable flood flow was observed. But in the middle low blood flow region of the flap, treatment did prevent necrosis. This study indicated that subdermal oxygen delivery alone cannot completely mitigate dermal necrosis if no blood flow is present, but it could improve the survival of partially tissue at least in the short term which could find application to augment conventional treatments or to gain time until surgical intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".