Age-related differences in ocular features of a naturalistic free-ranging population of rhesus macaques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purpose Rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) are the premier nonhuman primate model for studying human health and disease. We aimed to investigate if age was associated with ocular features of clinical relevance in a large cohort of free-ranging rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Methods We evaluated 120 rhesus macaques (73 males, 47 females) aged from 0 to 29 years old (mean±SD: 12.6±6.4) from September to December, 2021. The ophthalmic evaluation included IOP assessment, corneal pachymetry, anterior segment biomicroscopy, A-Scan biometry, automated refraction, and fundus photography after pupil dilation. The effects of age on the outcome variables were investigated through multilevel mixed-effects models adjusted for sex and weight. Results On average, IOP, pachymetry, axial length, and automated refraction spherical equivalent were 15.47±2.47 mmHg, 474.43±32.21 μm, 19.49±1.24 mm, and 0.30±1.70 D, respectively. Age was significantly associated with pachymetry (Coef.= -1.20; 95%CI: -2.27 to -0.14; p=0.026), axial length (Coef.= 0.03; 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.05; p=0.002), and spherical equivalent (Coef.= -0.12; 95%CI: -0.22 to -0.02; p=0.015). No association was detected between age and IOP. The prevalence of cataracts in either eye was 10.83% (95% CI: 6.34 – 17.89%) and was significantly associated with age (OR= 1.20; 95%CI: 1.06 – 1.36; p=0.004). Retinal drusen in either eye was observed in 15.00% (95% CI: 9.60 – 22.68%) of the animals, which was also significantly associated with age (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.02 – 1.27; p=0.020). Conclusions Rhesus macaques exhibit age-related ocular associations similar to those observed in human aging, including decreased corneal thickness, increased axial length, myopic shift, and higher occurrence of cataract and retinal drusen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".