An investigation of blood, milk, and urine test patterns for the diagnosis of ketosis in dairy cows in early lactation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ketosis in dairy cattle is primarily diagnosed based on the concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood, milk, or urine. Cow-side tests using these fluids are available for rapid detection of elevated concentrations of ketone bodies. Although these tests have been extensively validated, the performance of different tests has not been compared over time. Our objectives were to investigate the relationship between point-of-care diagnostic tests measuring the concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in blood (BT; Precision Xtra, Abbott Laboratories), BHB in milk (MT; Keto-Test, Elanco), and acetoacetate (AcAc) in urine (UT; Ketostix, Bayer Corporation) through cases of ketosis. Holstein cows (n = 148) were screened daily for hyperketonemia (HYK; blood BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L) from 3 to 16 d in milk (DIM); moreover, milk and urine samples were collected concomitantly and tested for ketones (ketosis thresholds: 100 µmol/L milk BHB and 5 mg/dL urine AcAc). Of the animals screened (n = 148), 74% were diagnosed with HYK. When diagnosed with HYK, cows were treated with propylene glycol orally once daily for 5 d. After the day of diagnosis (d 0), hyperketonemic cows were retested with BT, MT, and UT for 3 d (d 1, 2, and 3). We assessed the diagnostic test performance and time to ketosis (survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards models) of MT and UT compared with BT. Considering all paired samples (before and after diagnosis of HYK), MT had 61% sensitivity and 91% specificity, whereas the UT had 77% sensitivity and 94% specificity compared with BT. The specificity of MT and UT increased from d 0 to d 1, decreased on d 2, and increased on d 3. The median time to diagnosis of ketosis in blood was 5 DIM (95% CI 5 to 7 DIM); moreover, MT and UT had 2 d greater median time to diagnosis of ketosis compared with the BT [7 DIM (6 to 11 d); and 7 DIM (6 to 13 d), respectively]. We concluded that the UT is a more sensitive predictor of blood BHB concentration than the MT. The UT and MT tests diagnosed ketotic cows approximately 2 d later than the BT. The possible consequences of delay in detection of ketosis in milk and urine should be investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".