Fe(III)-Catalysis in Flow Enables Bimolecular Proton Transfer as an Alternative to Superelectrophiles in Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis has emerged as a new strategy for the direct formation of carbon–carbon double bonds. Successful approaches for ring-closing carbonyl-olefin metathesis exist, but limitations remain in accessing systems larger than 5-membered rings. Currently available strategies rely on Lewis acidic superelectrophiles as stronger catalysts, which require precious metal additives for their formation upon chloride abstraction from otherwise environmentally benign metal salts, such as FeCl3. Herein we report the development of a continuous flow reactor that overcomes this challenge and can access 6-membered rings using FeCl3 as the Lewis acid catalyst. The plug-flow reactor design is user friendly, benchtop amenable, and demonstrates up to 200x improved reaction efficiency over batch conditions. Computational investigations reveal that this transformation proceeds through an unprecedented bimolecular stepwise pathway via intermolecular proton transfer. These insights represent a significant advance for catalytic carbonyl–olefin metathesis and are expected to spur future developments in catalyst design and reaction scope.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".