Amorphous adsorbent from geothermal solid waste for methylene blue removal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic compounds such as dyes and heavy metal ions are common pollutants in waste water that have become a global problem. Adsorption has proven to be a successful technique in removing organic species such as methylene blue (MB). Geothermal solid waste has the potential to be used as an adsorbent due to its silica content. The silica compound in geothermal waste has the potential to be developed as porous material. Aluminium hydroxide and geothermal solid waste were added to the aqueous alkali (sodium hydroxide (NaOH)) in a continuous stirred-tank reactor, which resulted in an amorphous mesoporous material of the natrolite phase. The performance of the geoadsorbent was evaluated through the removal of various concentrations of MB, and isotherm adsorption models were used to evaluate the data. The adsorption mechanisms of MB removal by the geoadsorbent as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectra are electrostatic attraction and hydrogen-bond formation. The geoadsorbent can remove MB up to 84.449%, in which the adsorption is highly dependent on the initial concentration of MB. The Langmuir isotherm model provides the most accurate representation of MB adsorption as a result of the physical process, with a correlation coefficient of 0.971.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".