Invasive pneumococcal disease and long-term outcomes in children: A 20-year population cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: infections (such as invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)) are available, challenges remain in prevention efforts. Moreover, downstream sequelae in children is relatively unknown. Thus, we aimed to evaluate short and long-term health outcomes among children with IPD. Methods: =888). Cases were age and sex-matched to hospitalized population controls. Linkage to administrative health datasets was done to determine comorbidities and healthcare related outcomes. Cox proportional hazards were used to assess differences in time to mortality and hospitalisation between cases and controls in short (<30-day), intermediate (30-90 day), long-term (>90-day) follow-up. Findings: Proportionally more deaths occurred in cases (4.8 deaths/1000 person-years (PY)) than controls (2.7 deaths/1000 PY), leading to a significant adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.80 (95% CI 1.22-2.64). This increased risk of death was influenced primarily by short-term mortality (319 vs 36 deaths/1000 PY in cases vs controls respectively, aHR 8.78 [95% CI 3.33-23.18]), as no differences were seen in intermediate (14 vs 7 deaths/1000 PY; aHR 2.03, 95% CI 0.41-10.04) or long-term time intervals (2.4 vs 2.3 deaths/1000 PY, aHR 1.03, 95% CI 0.63-1.69). Interpretation: IPD continues to negatively impact survival in children despite vaccination. Although long-term impact on mortality and hospitalisations may not be substantial, the immediate effects of IPD are significant. Funding: This work was supported by grants-in-aid from Pfizer Canada and Wyeth Canada Inc all to GJT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".