Prevalence and factors associated with Helicobacter Pylori infection among children with sickle cell anemia attending Mulago hospital, in Uganda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) have a high predisposition to a range of infections and gastrointestinal disorders. Studies of children living in low income countries have shown high levels of infection with Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori), however, there are no reports in children with sickle cell anemia.Objectives We aimed to describe the prevalence and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among children with sickle cell anemia at Mulago Hospital Sickle Cell Clinic, in Uganda.Methods A cross sectional design was employed to consecutively enroll 369 children with confirmed sickle cell anemia aged 5-18 years, attending the Mulago hospital sickle cell clinic. Assessments included; abdominal pain (current, recurrent, generalized or epigastric), dyspeptic symptoms, other relevant medical and social histories. Blood and stool samples were collected and an antigen test (test kit SD Bioline) was carried out on the latter to determine H.pylori infection. Ethical approval, consent and assent (for children above 8 years of age) were obtained. Data was entered using EPI DATA version 3.1 and analysed using STATA version 12.0. H. pylori prevalence was determined as a proportion of children with a positive stool test expressed as a percentage. Adjusted Odds ratios (aOR) were used to determine factors associated with H.pylori infection.Results H.pylori infection was detected in 47.7% (176/379), 95% CI (42.9-53.1) of the cases. Having epigastric pain was independently associated with H.pylori infection; aOR 2.22, 95%CI: (1.1 – 4.6), p-value= 0.03 . Pneumococcal vaccination aOR 0.41, 95% (CI 0.2-0.9; p=0.019 ) or H.pyroli combination therapy aOR 0.183, 95% (CI 0.1- 0.6; p=0.006 ) were protective against H.pylori. Recurrent abdominal pain did not predict H.pyroli infection. Conclusions H.pylori infection was common among children with sickle cell anemia and was independently associated with epigastric pain but not recurrent pain. Pneumococcal vaccination and combination H. pylori treatment were protective against the infection. Screening for H.Pylori should be carried out in sickle cell anaemia children with epigastric pain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".