The Effect of Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Blood Beta-Hydroxybutyrate and Glucose
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Recently developed exogenous ketone monoester supplements can acutely raise blood β-OHB and lower blood glucose without the need for other nutritional modifications or invasive procedures. However, unpleasant taste and the potential for gastrointestinal discomfort may make adherence to a supplement regimen challenging. Two novel ketone supplements have been developed that promise an improved consumer experience but differ in their chemical properties; it is currently unknown how these affect blood β-OHB and blood glucose compared to the original ketone monoester supplement. Methods In a double-blind randomized cross-over pilot study, N = 12 healthy individuals (29 ± 5 years, BMI = 25 ± 4 kg/m 2 , 42% female) participated in three experimental trials with a different ketone supplement providing 10 grams of active ingredient in each trial; (i) the monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, (ii) D-β-hydroxybutyric acid with R-1,3-butanediol, and (iii) R-1,3-butanediol. Blood β-OHB and glucose were measured via finger prick capillary blood samples at baseline and across 240 minutes post-supplementation. Supplement acceptability, hunger, and gastrointestinal distress were assessed via questionnaires. Results β-OHB was elevated compared to baseline in all conditions. Total and incremental area under the curve (both p < 0.05) and peak β-OHB ( p < 0.001) differed between conditions with the highest values seen in the ketone monoester condition. Blood glucose concentration was reduced after consumption of each supplement, with no differences in total and incremental area under the curve across supplements. Supplement acceptability was greatest for D-β-hydroxybutyric acid with R-1,3-butanediol, with no effect on hunger or evidence of gastrointestinal distress across all supplements. Conclusions Despite differences in composition, all ketone supplements tested raised β-OHB with the highest values seen after ketone monoester ingestion. Blood glucose was lowered to a similar extent across the assessed time frame with all three supplements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".