High Efficiency Bidirectional LLC+C Resonant Converter With Parallel Transformers for Solar-Charged Electric Vehicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent interest in electric vehicles with onboard solar generation presents a new opportunity for using solar electric vehicles (SEVs) for distributed generation when the traction battery is fully charged. This concept presents a new power electronic challenge: the onboard charger should have high efficiency in the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) direction for normal charging power levels (i.e., 6.6 kW) and also high efficiency in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) direction for much lower solar power levels (i.e., < 800 W). However, typical onboard charger topologies have low efficiency at light loads. This article proposes a novel bidirectional LLC+C converter to address this challenge. It operates as a full-bridge LLC converter in the G2V direction and a half-bridge LLCC converter with a smaller transformer in the V2G direction. Simulation results show a maximum efficiency gain of 5.1% in the V2G direction compared to the standard full-bridge LLC converter. To experimentally validate the topology and operation, a 6.6-kW prototype with 450–700-V input is designed, built, and tested. The experimental results show that the proposed converter achieves high efficiency in the V2G direction at 700 W (95.7%).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".