Apolipoprotein E4 Prevalence in Different Canine Breeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three common isoforms of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are found in most populations: E2, E3, and E4, the Ε4 isoform has been proven to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). In human, attributable risk due to APOE4 varies by region and by race/ethnicity. To gain a better understanding of APOE genetic polymorphism in canines, we aimed to explore the prevalence of apolipoprotein E isoform distribution in five different pure breeds (Thai Ridgeback, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Bulldog, Shih Tzu) using APOE gene sequencing analysis. Our results showed a very high homology of apolipoprotein E sequences in the examined canines, including human APOE3 and human APOE4, ranging from 71.76-100 and 78.23-100% identity and similarity, respectively. All investigated canine breeds could be identified as APOE4 carriers due to the presence of arginine at the positions 112 and 158, which correspond to APOE4 of human. This indicates that APOE polymorphism was not present in the genome of all examined canine breeds. It is possible that the finding of canine apolipoprotein E4 may be important in predicting an increased risk of pathophysiological development of neurodegenerative diseases and coronary heart disease. Our reconstructed phylogenetic tree showed two well-defined clusters based on the amino acid sequence of apolipoprotein E, including canine and human group. Further studies should explore if these different clusters are associated with diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".