Experimental study of <scp> CO <sub>2</sub> </scp> hydrate formation in porous media with different particle sizes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To investigate the effect of the particle size of porous media on CO 2 hydrate formation, the formation experiments of CO 2 hydrate in porous media with three particle sizes were performed. Three kinds of porous media with mean particle diameters of 2.30 μm (clay level), 5.54 μm (silty sand level), and 229.90 μm (fine sand level) were used in the experiments. In the experiments, the formation temperature range was 277.15–281.15 K and the initial formation pressure range was 3.4–4.8 MPa. The final gas consumption increases with the increase in the initial pressure and the decrease in the formation temperature. The hydrate formation at the initial formation pressure of 4.8 MPa in 229.90 μm porous media is much slower than that at the lower formation pressure and displays multistage. In the experiments with different formation temperatures, the gas consumption rate at the temperature of 279.15 K is the lowest. In 2.30 and 5.54 μm porous media, the hydrate formation rates are similar and faster than those in 229.90 μm porous media. The particle size of the porous media does not affect the final gas consumption. The gas consumption rate per mol of water and the final water conversion increase with the decrease in the water content. The induction time in 5.54 μm porous media is longer than that in 2.30 and 229.90 μm porous media, and the presence of NaCl significantly increases the induction time and decreases the final conversion of water to hydrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".