Fiscal decentralization, federal resources and municipal public revenues in Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1983 all municipalities in Mexico absorbed 2.6% of national public revenues, being that by 2019 it reached 6.6%, thus showing a substantial growth in 36 years. Of the total municipal public revenues, federal participations represented 37.1% in 2018 and 37.1% in 2019, while federal aportments represented 35.9% in 2018 and 35.3% in 2019; both federal resources meant 73% in 2018 and 73.8% in 2019, that is, out of every 4 pesos of revenues 3 come from the federation. In 2019, the main revenues of the municipalities that come from federal funds are: General Participation Fund (23.1%); FORTAMUN (15.2%); Social Infrastructure Aportments Fund (12.79%). The tax effort or municipal own revenues accounted for 22.6% of total municipal public revenues in 2018 and 23.1% in 2019. Property tax is the main figure of municipal own revenues, representing 47.1% and 45% respectively in 2018 and 2019.As an international comparison point property tax related to GDP yielded these figures: France 4.03%, Great Britain 4.08%, Canada 3.87%, United States 2.96%, Spain 2.43%, Colombia 1.79%, Chile 1.12% and Mexico only 0.33% of GDP; appreciating a very low percentage in relation to the two Latin American nations and much lower compared to developed countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".