Gorgonophilus canadensis (Copepoda: Lamippidae) a parasite in the octocoral Paragorgia arborea – relation to host, reproduction, and morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The family Lamippidae (Cyclopoida) are endosymbionts mainly occurring in shallow water octocorals and records from deep-sea corals are few. Here we investigated the relationship between the lamippid Gorgonophilus canadensis Buhl-Mortensen & Mortensen, 2004 and its host the deep-sea coral Paragorgia arborea. Twenty-one specimens of G. canadensis was found inside eight gall-like structures on a P. arborea colony collected in 2010 at 318 m depth off Norway. The galls contained on average 1.6 females, 1.0 males, and 7.5 egg sacs estimated to contain 400 eggs each. Females were larger than males (4.6 mm compared to 2.0 mm). The gall volume increased with the number of egg sacs, females, and the length of females inside, the latter correlation was significant (p < 0.05). The number of egg sacs in galls was positively correlated with the abundance and length of females (p < 0.05), and by adding Canadian data from 17 galls the relation between egg sacs and numbers of females and males in galls became stronger (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that this highly modified endoparasite has thoracic appendages with non-segmented flexible spines with a specialized structure at their tips through which threads are excreted. We speculate that this adaptation could relate to feeding or attachment of egg sacs inside the galls. Thread production has rarely been reported for copepods and we explore its function in the group as well as other crustaceans. The age and size of the parasite, and the introduction to and release from the host is also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".