An OPC UA Client/Gateway-Based Digital Twin Architecture of a SCADA System with Embedded System Connections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system employed to monitor system processes became one of the fundamental components of factory automation. With the emergence of digital twin concepts in Industry 4.0, this paper proposes an architecture to merge SCADA systems with key facets of digital twin with a proof-of-concept demonstration on a FESTO MPS processing station. We propose an OPC UA client-based architecture that employs Ignition software, which has built-in OPC UA modules, in order to create a digital twin of the station’s sensors and actuators. Monitoring and controlling of the system was enhanced by connecting mobile devices to the network and adding a Raspberry Pi controller connected with traditional microcontrollers. The demonstrated implementation shows that the proposed client-based architecture for digital twins and devices is feasible. Interoperability allows to connect devices of interest with low-latency, low CPU overhead utilization, and minimal added hardware and software extensions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".