Association of Epidural Analgesia During L&D With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
( JAMA . 2021;326:1178–1185) Although epidural analgesia is a common and safe modality for pain relief during labor and delivery, few studies have examined long-term outcomes. Since 2000 the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children has increased from 1 in 150 to 1 in 54 in 2016 in the United States. Inconsistent and conflicting studies have suggested there may be a relationship between epidural analgesia and a later diagnosis of ASD. Considering epidural analgesia use is reported at 57% in Canada and higher than 70% in the United States, millions of newborns in both countries could be impacted. The aim of this population-based study of British Columbia, Canada evaluated the association between ASD in offspring and maternal epidural analgesia use during delivery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".