Development of High Strength Geopolymer Concrete Using Silica Fume-Based Activating Solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Portland cement has traditionally been an indispensable element in the concrete production industry.The process of producing cement has negative environmental effects, requires a huge amount of energy, and releases large amounts of carbon dioxide.Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has the potential to reduce Portland cement usage while at the same time demonstrating the desirable engineering properties of Portland cement concrete.Most fly ash-based geopolymer research has studied the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for fly ash (FA) in combination with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide.In this study, an alternative activating solution, made of silica fume (SF), sodium hydroxide, and water, was used.The effects of using GGBS as a partial replacement for FA and of using different curing systems were investigated.Workability, compressive strength, density, absorption, and volume of permeable pore space were the properties selected to evaluate FA-based geopolymer concrete.FA-based geopolymer paste was examined using a scanning electron microscope.It was found that the inclusion of up to 20% GGBS significantly improved the compressive strength, density, absorption, and volume of permeable pore space in both heat-cured and ambient-cured conditions and reduced the workability to an acceptable range.Scanning electron microscope observations of the geopolymer pastes revealed that the inclusion of GGBS produced a denser microstructure with fewer cracks.The current study is a step toward extending geopolymer concrete use in both precast and site applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".