David T. Courtwright, <i>The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a remarkable book that will be the standard history of addictions for the foreseeable future—or until enough currently unforeseen addictions emerge to demand a broadening of its already expansive scope. David Courtwright’s books and articles have guided us through this often-grim branch of history for a number of years, and here he brings many of the strands together in a work that is a real tour de force, one where his impressive breadth of perspective meshes seamlessly with close analysis. Courtwright’s terrain in this work is behaviors associated across the broad spectrum of commodities and activities that can be called addictions—which he defines in several ways, including “a pattern of compulsive, conditioned, relapse-prone, and harmful behavior” (p. 3). Clearly, no single definition will do when we consider such varied objects of potential addiction—and their equally varied consequences—as pornography, gambling, cocaine, social media, and tobacco. The focus of this book is the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, although there is a brief introduction to the distant attraction of humans to commodities and activities that gave them pleasure and might well have, and probably did, lead to addictive behavior. The discovery of honey (the sweetest commodity known to humans until sugar came on the scene) in beehives and the mastery of the process of fermentation to produce beer, wine, cider, and mead exposed humans to potentially addictive habits of consumption. These commodities entered the diets of some humans early on and undoubtedly led some individuals to crave them and consume them compulsively, very likely with harmful results to themselves and their communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".