A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Qualitative Disaster Narratives of Highly Trauma-Exposed Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing Nearly a Quarter Century Later
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To examine highly trauma-exposed survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building bombing nearly a quarter century later, focusing on survivors’ immediate personal experiences of it through open-ended narratives. Methods: An original sample of 182 bombing survivors, studied approximately 6 months post bombing, was randomly selected from a state registry of 1,092 bombing survivors, with 71% participation. Of the original 182 bombing survivors, 103 completed the longitudinal follow-up, conducted at a median of 23 years post bombing. Qualitative data for the follow-up study were collected using an expanded version of the Disaster Supplement to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Of the original sample, 39 were known to be deceased, 25 could not be located, and 15 declined participation. Results: In all, 12 themes were identified, but just 3 (Locations, Bombing experience, and Initial actions) are detailed here. All survivors were in heavily damaged buildings (about one-half in the Murrah Federal building) or directly outside, and the majority (84%) were injured. They described intense and gruesome experiences of the bombing, difficult efforts to escape to safety and help other survivors, and continuing postbombing experiences once outside. Conclusions: A striking finding was the intensity of the survivors’ memories almost a quarter century after the bombing. Their sensory recollections remained vivid, generally as bright and intense as in earlier reporting periods. It may be that the salience of this extreme event stabilized memories of it yielding such vivid descriptions nearly a quarter century later.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".