A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Qualitative Disaster Narratives of Highly Trauma-Exposed Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing Nearly a Quarter Century Later
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To examine highly trauma-exposed survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building bombing nearly a quarter century later, focusing on survivors’ immediate personal experiences of it through open-ended narratives. Methods: An original sample of 182 bombing survivors, studied approximately 6 months post bombing, was randomly selected from a state registry of 1,092 bombing survivors, with 71% participation. Of the original 182 bombing survivors, 103 completed the longitudinal follow-up, conducted at a median of 23 years post bombing. Qualitative data for the follow-up study were collected using an expanded version of the Disaster Supplement to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Of the original sample, 39 were known to be deceased, 25 could not be located, and 15 declined participation. Results: In all, 12 themes were identified, but just 3 (Locations, Bombing experience, and Initial actions) are detailed here. All survivors were in heavily damaged buildings (about one-half in the Murrah Federal building) or directly outside, and the majority (84%) were injured. They described intense and gruesome experiences of the bombing, difficult efforts to escape to safety and help other survivors, and continuing postbombing experiences once outside. Conclusions: A striking finding was the intensity of the survivors’ memories almost a quarter century after the bombing. Their sensory recollections remained vivid, generally as bright and intense as in earlier reporting periods. It may be that the salience of this extreme event stabilized memories of it yielding such vivid descriptions nearly a quarter century later.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it