Towards 21-cm intensity mapping at <i>z</i> = 2.28 with uGMRT using the tapered gridded estimator I: Foreground avoidance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The post-reionization (z ≤ 6) neutral hydrogen (H i) 21-cm intensity mapping signal holds the potential to probe the large-scale structures, study the expansion history, and constrain various cosmological parameters. Here, we apply the Tapered Gridded Estimator (TGE) to estimate P(k⊥, k∥) the power spectrum of the $z = 2.28\, (432.8\, {\rm MHz})$ redshifted 21-cm signal using a $24.4\, {\rm MHz}$ sub-band drawn from uGMRT Band 3 observations of European Large-Area ISO Survey-North 1 (ELAIS-N1). The TGE allows us to taper the sky response, which suppresses the foreground contribution from sources in the periphery of the telescope’s field of view. We apply the TGE on the measured visibility data to estimate the multifrequency angular power spectrum (MAPS) Cℓ(Δν) from which we determine P(k⊥, k∥) using maximum likelihood that naturally overcomes the issue of missing frequency channels (55 per cent here). The entire methodology is validated using simulations. For the data, using the foreground avoidance technique, we obtain a $2\, \sigma$ upper limit of $\Delta ^2(k) \le (133.97)^2 \, {\rm mK}^{2}$ for the 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuation at $k = 0.347 \, \textrm {Mpc}^{-1}$. This corresponds to $[\Omega _{\rm H\, {\small I}~}b_{\rm H\, {\small I}~}] \le 0.23$, where $\Omega _{\rm H\, {\small I}~}$ and $b_{\rm H\, {\small I}~}$, respectively, denote the cosmic H i mass density and the H i bias parameter. A previous work has analysed $8 \, {\rm MHz}$ of the same data at z = 2.19, and reported $\Delta ^{2}(k) \le (61.49)^{2} \, {\rm mK}^{2}$ and $[\Omega _{\rm H\, {\small I}~} b_{\rm H\, {\small I}~}] \le 0.11$ at $k=1 \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. The upper limits presented here are still orders of magnitude larger than the expected signal corresponding to $\Omega _{\rm H\, {\small I}~} \sim 10^{-3}$ and $b_{\rm H\, {\small I}~} \sim 2$.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".