Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Urogenital Tuberculosis in Sabah, Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives We aimed to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) in Sabah, Malaysia. Methods We performed a retrospective, descriptive study based on medical records of UGTB cases identified between January 1, 2014, and November 30, 2020. Results We identified 131 cases of UGTB in Sabah. Patient gender was balanced except for a mild male predominance in the 35 to 44 age group. No cases were reported in children. The majority of the patients (96%) were diagnosed in the government facility. Among the UGTB cases, 72% of patients were from rural areas, and 29% were illiterate. The commonest presentation was frequency of micturition (28%), followed by abdominal pain (26%) and loss of appetite (26%). The common sites included renal (32%) and scrotal (25%). Diagnosis was achieved via histopathology in 39.7% of patients and smear microscopy in 35.9%. Anti-tubercular treatment duration was 8.6 (±SD 4.0) months, and 81% of patients have completed treatment. A total of 50.4% of patients had received surgical intervention; 10.7% had undergone incision and drainage, 9.9% had cystoscopy, and 6.9% underwent orchidectomy. Conclusion UGTB has varied non-specific symptoms, which poses a diagnostic challenge, leading to morbidity. Ensuring awareness via widespread education within government and private health care, along with rural outreach programs, will contribute to early recognition and treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".