A busy time at the beach: multiple examples of gregarious dinosaur behaviour inferred from a set of trackways from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A diverse collection of dinosaur tracks and trackways preserved on a single bedding plane record activities of many animals over a very short time, possibly just a few days or less. The assemblage is exposed on a detached slab of siltstone from the Campanian–Maastrichtian St. Mary River Formation in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Members of four different groups of dinosaurs are identified as the makers of either isolated tracks, or trackways of varying lengths, and include inferred hatchling tyrannosaurids, medium and large ornithomimids, small and medium-sized ornithopods, and a small hadrosaurid. All but one of the seven trackways attributed to hatchling tyrannosaurids occur as codirectional, equally spaced pairs, but one pair walked in the opposite direction, albeit parallel, to the other two. The pair of ornithomimid trackways also appears to represent two animals walking at the same speed, in the same direction, and turning together. The trackway attributed to a medium-sized biped, possibly Parksosaurus warreni, is the first evidence for the presence of these dinosaurs in the environment recorded by the St. Mary River Formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".