A Novel ZSV-Based Detection Scheme for FDIAs in Multiphase Power Distribution Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Modern power systems are vulnerable to false data injection attacks (FDIAs) due to the widespread applications of two-way communication networks for system operation and control. Diagnosing such malicious attacks are of great significance for the resilient operations of power systems. Yet, in literature, the majority of studies in FDIA detection focus on power transmission systems. In this paper, a novel FDIA detection scheme is proposed for three-phase distribution systems based on zero-sequence voltage (ZSV). From the voltage and power measurements, the bus voltages are estimated, and then the estimated ZSV is calculated as the sum of the estimated bus voltages on the three phases to represent the degree of unbalance of the distribution system. Via mathematical analysis of the linear distribution system state estimation (DSSE) model, the distribution of the estimated ZSV under the normal condition is derived, based on which a whitening process is adopted on the estimated ZSV to weaken the effect of measurement noises. The <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {L}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -norm of the whitened ZSV vector is then compared with a predefined threshold for FDIA detection. Moreover, the probability of false alarm of the proposed scheme is derived, which can be utilized to determine the detection threshold for a desired tolerance of false alarm rate. The proposed scheme is validated on several IEEE Test Feeders and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in detecting FDIAs in three-phase distribution systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".