Retracted: A Hybrid Multistage DNN-Based Collaborative IDPS for High-Risk Smart Factory Networks
Post-publication record
OpenAlex flags this work as retracted, but it carries no matching Retraction Watch record in this frame.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New industrial control systems (ICSs) that have been modernized with the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) are exposed to cyber-attacks that exploit IIoT vulnerabilities. Numerous intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have therefore been proposed to secure ICSs, many of which are based on machine learning, specifically deep neural networks (DNNs). Most of the proposed DNN-based solutions rely on single deep learning models and could be less costly in terms of ICS latency. However, they might have difficulties understanding the increasingly complex data distribution of intrusion patterns. Moreover, single deep learning models may not be effective in capturing the specific patterns of minority classes in highly imbalanced datasets, which is usually the case in cyber-security. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel hybrid multistage DNN-based intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS) with better accuracy for critical ICSs that cannot afford to compromise on security to improve latency. The proposed approach sequentially learns the decision boundaries of the data that were misclassified or classified with low confidence by previous DNNs. Moreover, it incorporates a collaborative intrusion prevention system (IPS) with an emergency response schema that automatically mitigates attacks as soon as anomalies are detected. The results of experimental evaluations performed on different datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".